Memory status in individuals affected by temporomandibular disorders

Introduction: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) have been associated with cognitive impairments, particularly those affecting memory function. However, this relationship remains not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate differences in verbal and nonverbal memory performance between individuals with TMD and healthy controls, considering the role of depression and pain as potential moderating factors. Material and methods: A sample of 57 Polish-speaking adults aged 21–26 (32 with TMD, 25 healthy controls) was assessed using standardized tools: the California Verbal Learning Test and the Nonverbal Learning and Memory Test. Results: Participants with TMD exhibited significantly greater verbal memory deficits, specifically higher rates of perseveration and intrusions, and lower overall nonverbal memory efficiency compared to healthy controls. Pain and depression significantly contributed to reduced verbal memory performance in individuals with TMD. Conclusions: The findings underscore the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in the clinical management of TMD and emphasize the necessity of considering cognitive and emotional factors.