Frequency Stabilization in Hybrid Microgrid Systems Implementing PSO and Firefly Algorithm Tuned PID Controllers

Alternative energy sources are gaining interest due to their affordability and sustainability. Energy derived from renewable sources is increasingly essential to electrical grids. Different sources of energy, for example, systems that store energy in batteries, electric cars, electrolyzers, fuel cells, and Photovoltaic (PV) panels, are integrated into multi-area electrical systems through frequency regulation of the load. Microgrids have significant frequency and power stability limitations due to their reliance on sustainable power sources. The fluctuating demand patterns and the inherent uncertainty of renewable energy sources intensify this challenge. Employing Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controllers, which are calibrated using various techniques, mitigates power and frequency fluctuations. A comparison is made between linear controllers fine-tuned using Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) and FFA by varying the size of the population for a fixed number of iterations. Controllers optimized with PSO demonstrate superior performance compared to those optimized with Firefly, exhibiting reduced peak deviations and abbreviated settling times.