Stereoisomerism in Chemistry and Drug Development: Optical, Geometrical, and Conformational Isomers

Stereoisomerism in addition to conformational, geometrical, and optical isomerism, has considerable effects on the stability, reactivity, and functioning of molecules. Therefore, the objective of this article is to review the recent developments and research on stereoisomerism, including its consequences in various branches of science. The energetics and stability of conformational isomerism, which depict the concept of cis-trans and E/Z configurations of geometric isomerism, elucidate the molecular behavior and the efficacy of drugs, also discussed. The consequence of stereochemistry on pharmacology and drug design is elucidated by optical isomerism in terms of chirality and enantiomorphic effects. To exemplify the use of stereoisomerism in drug development, this review, offers wide case studies of NSAIDs, anticancer drugs, and antibiotic drugs. In this Article, the phenomenon of stereoisomerism is also primarily discussed concerning biomolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Recent advances in comparison operations include computer-aided drug design, advances in personalized medicine, and new therapies such as DNA and peptide drugs, including their possible impacts on the business and natural world. The primary aim of the review is to thoroughly investigate and examine stereoisomerism and its wide-ranging implications.