Comparative Efficacy of Fludora® Fusion Against Indoor Residual Spray Insecticides on Mud, Plastered, Unplastered, and Wood Wall Surfaces using Anopheles and Culex Mosquitoes

Background: Resistance to insecticides in mosquito vectors is now a challenge to vector control in Nigeria. Surveillance data indicate that efforts need to be doubled to manage resistance. Hence, the current study examined the comparative residual efficacy of an improved indoor residual spray insecticide, fludora® fusion, used to manage resistance, on different surfaces. Methods: Mud, plastered, unplastered, and wood surfaces were sprayed with fludora® fusion insecticide ac-cording to WHO specification, and cone bioassays were conducted using laboratory (Anopheles gambiae s.s.) and field strains (Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Culex quinquefasciatus). Positive controls were sprayed with k-othrine® and al-cypernet® insecticides for each surface type, while the negative control was sprayed with water. According to the WHO criteria, mosquitoes were exposed to each surface for thirty minutes. Thereafter, mortality was recorded after twenty-four hours. Residual efficacy was monitored monthly for six months. Results: Bio-efficacy results with Anopheles gambiae s.s. on fludora® fusion, k-othrine® and al-cypernet® sprayed surfaces revealed a 100% mortality across all surfaces for six months. However, while fludora® fusion effected 100% mortality on Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Culex species, k-othrine® and al-cypernet® mortality dropped below the 80% mortality mark at four months, and surface variation did not significantly affect efficacy. Conclusion: This finding presents fludora® fusion as a good candidate for controlling insecticide-resistant mosquitoes in Nigeria.