Biochar and Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria Enhance Maize Growth and Soil Fertility<i>   </i>

Efficient phosphorus (P) management is essential for sustainable maize (Zea mays L.) production, particularly in phosphorus-deficient calcareous soils where P fixation limits plant growth. In current study, the effects of integrated application of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and biochar (BC) with two P fertilizers; Diammonium phosphate (DAP) and Nitrophos (NP) in eight treatments with three replications were evaluated on maize growth in a lathhouse pot experiment under a completely randomized design (CRD) arrangement. The integrated application of BC and PSB with DAP significantly enhanced maize growth and soil fertility compared to NP and control treatments. BC+PSB+DAP increased shoot fresh weight by 81%, root dry weight by 130%, and plant height by 55%. Physiological traits improved significantly, with photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency increasing by 48%, 60%, and 33%, respectively. Soil organic matter increased by 36%, nitrogen by 40%, and phosphorus availability by 48%. These results demonstrate the potential of BC and PSB integration, particularly with DAP, to enhance phosphorus use efficiency, reduce reliance on synthetic fertilizers, and improve maize productivity in calcareous soils.