Spermatogenesis stage sensitivity and change in testicular stress oxidative profile against leachate genotoxic component

Exposure to environmental waste such as landfill leachate has the potential to cause genotoxic effects and oxidative stress impacting the mammalian reproductive system. This study examined the effects of Sarimukti Landfill Leachate (LTS) on sperm DNA damage and testicular oxidative stress in male Wistar rats. Rats were exposed to LTS at concentrations of 0%, 35%, and 63% during distinct spermatogenesis stages: mitosis (MTS), meiosis (MSS), and spermiogenesis (SMGS). Sperm DNA damage was assessed using the Sperm Chromatin Dispersion (SCD) assay, while testicular oxidative stress was measured by quantifying Malondialdehyde (MDA) and total protein levels. The results showed dose-dependent sperm DNA damage across all spermatogenesis stages, with the most significant damage observed at the 63% LTS dose. Sperm DNA damage levels were highest in the MTS group (93.53%), followed by MSS (87.5%) and SMGS (86.8%). The 63% LTS dose also increased testicular lipid peroxidation, as indicated by elevated MDA levels (4.63 µM/mL). This suggests that LTS can damage lipid components in testicular tissue. Additionally, the 63% LTS dose reduced total protein levels in testicular tissue to 63.55 µg/mL, compared to 108.31 µg/mL in the control group. Heavy metals (arsenic, plumbum, nickel, chromium) and organic pollutants in LTS generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in germ cells, disrupting cellular repair mechanisms also inducing lipid and protein oxidation. This oxidative stress further exacerbated sperm chromatin fragmentation. These findings highlight the reproductive toxicity of landfill leachate and emphasize the need for protective measures during early spermatogenesis stages. This study provides insights into the environmental impacts on male fertility and underscores the risks of genotoxic exposure.