Determinants of maternal energy adequacy among pregnant women in Gianyar regency

Introduction: Maternal and child health represent critical global health priorities directly linked to the Sustainable Development Goals. Nutritional issues often stem from inadequate breastfeeding practices, early introduction of complementary foods, and limited maternal education, compounded by cultural and environmental factors. This study aimed to analyse predictors of maternal energy adequacy in Gianyar Regency. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Gianyar Regency from April to August 2021, targeting families with pregnant mothers using cluster sampling across 30 census blocks. Maternal energy adequacy was assessed via Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ). Predictor factors included socio-demographics, antenatal care visits, and nutritional status. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression analyse determinants of energy adequacy, with significance set at p-value ≤ 0.05. Correlations were assessed using Spearman’s test. Results: A study of 150 pregnant women (mean age 24.56 ± 4.932 years) found that family income <IDR 2,500,000/month increased the risk of poor energy adequacy (Adjusted OR = 7.441; 95%CI: 1.623–34.110; p-value = 0.01). Child gender (female) and antenatal visits <2 times in the first trimester were also significant (p-value < 0.05). Fat intake significantly increased energy adequacy (B = 0.761; p-value < 0.001). Knowledge, attitude, protein, and carbohydrates correlated significantly with maternal energy adequacy. Conclusion: Family income, antenatal visits, and dietary intake significantly influence maternal energy adequacy. Addressing socio-economic and nutritional factors is crucial for improving maternal health outcomes.