Periodontal Manifestations of Diseases/Conditions Related with Female Sex Steroid Hormones

The primary etiological factor for periodontal diseases is microbial dental plaque deposited on tooth surfaces. However, fluctuations in sex steroid hormone levels increase the susceptibility and/or severity of clinical manifestations of periodontal diseases. The aim of this narrative review is to provide current evidence on the clinical findings in women's periodontal tissues in relation to changes in female sex steroid hormones. Electronic databases were searched for studies evaluating clinical findings in women with conditions/diseases that cause changes in female sex hormones. Clinical studies published before February 2024 were included in the review. Women show fluctuations in sex steroid hormone levels at various stages of their lives, and these, together with some disease-related changes, lead to characteristic or regular clinical periodontal findings. Close collaboration between dentists and gynaecologists can help to ensure early diagnosis and treatment of such conditions.