Scientific substantiation of indicators characterizing the achievement of adaptation goals to climate change in forests of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation

In the context of anthropogenic climate change characterized by a sustained increase in average annual tem-peratures, transformation of precipitation patterns and more frequent extreme weather events, forest ecosystems in Russia are facing increasing pressure. This study aims to develop an integrated scientific-methodological approach for assessing vulnerability and adaptive capacity of forests as well as quantitatively determining the effectiveness of im-plemented adaptation measures. The methodological basis of this work included systems analysis encompassing examination of current legal regulations on forestry-climate policy, content analysis of strategic and operational planning documents, statistical analysis of data from the state forest register and industry reports, along with synthesis of scientific research on the impact of climatic factors on forests. As a result of the conducted research, key climate risks for Russian forestry were systematized based on region-al natural-ecological characteristics. A hierarchical indicator system was developed for monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of adaptation measures. This system integrates an integral index reflecting overall dynamics of forest cover and a set of specific metrics that quantitatively characterize changes in individual risk components such as productivity, species composition, fire hazard, phytosanitary threats, and consequences of extreme weather phenome-na. For each indicator, clear sources of primary data have been identified within official reporting forms, ensuring methodological consistency, verifiability, and comparability of results at all levels of management. The necessity of applying this proposed system is justified for transitioning from qualitative assessments to quantitative cost-benefit analyses and evaluation of overall effectiveness of adaptation policies in the forestry sector. Implementation of the developed approach into practical forest planning and monitoring will enhance evi-dence-based decision-making, objectify industry reporting, and optimize resource allocation for activities aimed at enhancing resilience and preserving ecosystem functions of forests under changing climatic conditions.