Assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances concentrations in human milk and infant formula in the United States: a systematic review
In published, peer-reviewed United States studies, PFOA and PFOS were detected in HM; PFAS were largely undetected in IF. There was a paucity of contemporary evidence for arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury in HM or IF in the United States, but we identified evidence from other countries that could help inform these knowledge gaps. Public health agencies recommend feeding infants HM given the benefits outweigh potential risks of contaminant exposure. This trial was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42024528756 (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42024528756).
Authors
- Carin Huset (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4538-9326)
- Aubrey L. Galusha (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8351-0396)
- Mandy Fisher (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4656-3813)
- Margaret Foster (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4453-7788)
- Kathryn G. Dewey (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4185-3451)
- Arin A. Balalian (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5928-7833)
- Rupal Trivedi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3643-4471)
- Keri Holland
- Lauren E O’Connor (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4142-5756)
- Cassi N Uffelman
- Maureen K Spill (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1891-1692)
- Amanda J MacFarlane (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3208-3483)
- Shailesh Advani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1446-969X)
- Rachel C Thoerig
- Trish Bosse (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2761-764X)
Institutions
- Health Canada (CA)
- New York State Department of Health (US)
- Wadsworth Center (US)
- Texas A&M University System (US)
- Food and Nutrition Service (US)
- Canadian Nutrition Society (CA)
- Minnesota Department of Health (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
Publication Details
- Journal
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Published
- 2025-09-23
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.07.039
- Citations
- 2
- Primary Topic
- Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 1.72