Entropy Generation Analysis in MHD Nanofluid Flow Using the Brinkman–Forchheimer Model in a Quadrantal Porous Enclosure

This study presents a detailed numerical investigation of natural convection heat and mass transfer within a fluid‐saturated porous quadrantal enclosure containing a heated circular cylinder and filled with TiO 2 –H 2 O nanoliquid. Emphasis is placed on the effects of internal heat generation and entropy production, using the finite element method (FEM) to explore the influence of key dimensionless parameters: Darcy number ( Da ), Hartmann number ( Ha ), Rayleigh number ( Ra ), porosity ( ɛ ), and heat generation parameter ( λ ). The findings reveal that increasing the Darcy number improves the average Nusselt number by 2.498% and total entropy by 9.48%, but significantly reduces the Sherwood number by 314.19%. An increase in Hartmann number suppresses heat and mass transfer, decreasing Nusselt number by 621.05%, Sherwood number by 7.404%, and Bejan number by 10.59%, while slightly increasing total entropy by 1.8%. Higher values of λ intensify entropy generation by 84.16%, increase Sherwood number by 149.175%, and Bejan number by 8.81%, but reduce Nusselt number by 105.178%. Enhancing porosity ( ɛ ) leads to a 2.88% rise in Nusselt number and a 13.72% increase in entropy, while causing substantial decreases in Sherwood number (438.54%) and Bejan number (16.65%). Similarly, rising Rayleigh number enhances heat transfer by 2.498%, increases entropy by 9.58%, and decreases Sherwood number and Bejan number by 332.419% and 10.96%, respectively. This research contributes to the optimization of heat and mass transfer performance in complex enclosures, offering practical insights for thermal management in advanced energy systems, electronics cooling, and aerospace applications.