History of carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) breeding in Ukraine and Eastern Europe and modern genetic assessments of populations (review)

Purpose. The article reviews the historical development and current approaches to selective breeding of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in Ukraine and Eastern European countries — Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary. Particular attention is given to the assessment of genetic diversity within carp populations using microsatellite markers (SSRs), which are currently considered a leading tool in studies of intra-breed and intra-population genetic structure under conditions of intensive aquaculture. The aim of the study is to justify the necessity of preserving traditional lines and incorporating molecular-genetic methods into breeding programs. Findings. The paper analyzes research results concerning the genetic structure of farmed carp populations. In many cases, reduced heterozygosity was observed due to limited broodstock use, the Wahlund effect, lack of rotational breeding, and selection against heterozygotes. At the same time, certain lines maintain genetic stability and may serve as valuable material for breeding programs. In the Ukrainian context, the Antoninsko-Zozulenetsky carp type was found to exhibit high allelic richness, significant intergroup differentiation, and a predominance of heterozygotes, indicating favourable selection potential. Polish studies demonstrate the genetic isolation of lines and the risks of diversity loss due to the marginalization of traditional pond aquaculture. In Hungary, the effectiveness of measures to preserve genetic heterogeneity has been confirmed, while the Czech experience underscores the importance of tagging and regularly updating broodstock. Practical Value. The integration of microsatellite analyzis into national programs for the conservation and improvement of carp populations is substantiated. Such approaches can enhance the effectiveness of selective breeding, safeguard local genotypes, and ensure genetic resilience under conditions of intensified aquaculture. The experiences of Eastern European countries confirm that the implementation of molecular methods in practice helps reduce the risk of genetic degradation and supports the long-term stability of genetic structures. Keywords: common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), aquaculture, selective breeding, strains, genetic variation, microsatellites, gene pool.