GOKSHURA (TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS LINN.): A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OFITS AYURVEDIC SIGNIFICANCE, PHYTOCONSTITUENT ANALYSIS, AND MODERN PHARMACOLOGICAL POTENTIAL

Background: Gokshura (Tribulus terrestris Linn.) is a well-known medicinal plant in Ayurveda, traditionally used for the management of urinary disorders, renal stones, and general debility. It is classified under Mutravi-rechaneeya and Balya dravyas in classical texts and has been described as effective in enhancing urinary output, reducing inflammation, and improving physical strength. Objective: To conduct a comprehensive review of Gokshura based on classical Ayurvedic references and modern scientific studies, focusing on its pharmacognos-tic identity, phytochemical composition, pharmacological actions, and therapeutic applications. Methods: This narrative review incorporates data from classical Ayurvedic literature, including the Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Bhavaprakasha Nighantu. Modern scientific evidence was collected from databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, using search terms such as Tribulus terrestris, phytochemistry, diuretic activity, and renal protective effects. Both classical and modern findings were compiled and critically analysed. Results: Phytochemical analysis of Gokshura reveals the presence of bioactive compounds, including steroidal saponins (protodioscin, diosgenin), flavonoids, and alkaloids. These compounds contribute to its reported ac-tions, including diuretic, antiurolithiatic, nephroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. Clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated their role in improving renal function and managing urinary tract conditions. Conclusion: Gokshura is a potent Ayurvedic drug with multifaceted therapeutic uses. Its classical indications correlate strongly with contemporary pharmacological evidence, particularly in the management of urinary disorders and inflammation. However, more extensive clinical trials are needed to validate its efficacy and standardise its applications in integrative medicine.