ZERO LIQUID DISCHARGE APPROACHES IN SEWAGE TREATMENT

Recovering reusable water while reducing environmental contamination is the goal of Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD), a sustainable method for managing industrial effluent.This review compiles knowledge from recent research, such as case studies on the dye intermediate industries and conceptual frameworks for optimizing mass and energy balance.The study focuses on ZLD system topologies, difficulties, and developments, including crystallization, mechanical vapor recompression, and reverse osmosis.It highlights how primary treatments, coagulation-flocculation, and hybrid systems can help with cost and energy efficiency issues.Limitations, operational complexity, and sustainability concerns are also covered in the paper.The analysis concludes by outlining future directions with an emphasis on integrating the concepts of the circular economy and renewable energy.