Port cyber-physical energy systems: Advances, challenges, and future directions

The port energy system is characterized by complex multi-energy coupling, high load volatility, and deep cyber-physical integration. Facing the trend of digital transformation and intelligent upgrading of ports, addressing the challenges of complex system analysis and modeling, decision optimization and precise control in dynamic network environments becomes essential for advancing port energy system research. This paper outlines the fundamental characteristics of the port cyber-physical energy system (CPES) and analyzes the challenges and key issues faced by the integrated architecture of perception, transmission, control and optimization. Furthermore, the state of art in core technologies, including intelligent perception, adaptive transmission, coordinated control and collaborative optimization is reviewed. This paper also summarizes and prospects the future research directions and potential applications of port CPES.