CRISPR-Cas9 and Parkinson’s Disease: A Review of Gene Editing Strategies and Therapeutic Potential

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons, leading to motor impairments such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia, as well as cognitive decline. Current treatments, including dopaminergic medications and deep brain stimulation, manage symptoms but do not stop disease progression. Genetic mutations in SNCA, LRRK2, and PARKIN, along with environmental factors, contribute to PD’s development. CRISPR Cas9 presents a potential therapeutic avenue by enabling precise gene modifications to correct PD related mutations, reduce toxic protein accumulation, and improve mitochondrial function. It also enhances stem cell therapies, offering new possibilities for disease modification. However, challenges such as targeted gene delivery, off-target effects, and ethical concerns must be addressed before clinical implementation. This paper explores PD’s underlying mechanisms, current treatment limitations, and CRISPR’s role in developing novel therapies. It also examines the scientific and ethical challenges that must be navigated to bring CRISPR-based interventions into practical use for PD patients.