Metafora a expresivita ako základné výstavbové princípy toponymie

From the perspective of cognitive linguistics and ethnolinguistics, metaphor presents a way of structuring our thinking and perception of the world. Among the most significant metaphors are orientational and ontological metaphors, which are also significantly used in toponomastics. Orientational metaphors include spatial relationships that occur in toponymy mainly with an important motivational feature of the toponym – the localization of the object. From the point of view of cognitive linguistics, it is the subject’s perception of space from their perspective and the perception of surrounding toponymic objects which create reference points for localization. The ontological metaphor is used in naming toponymic objects based on the objectʼs shape, distance, (poor) quality of the soil and in other subdisciplines of toponymy – in speleonymy, orohodonymy and hydronymy.