Adaptive Velocity Compensation for Optimal 3-D Concrete Printing in Uncontrolled Environments

3-D concrete printing is revolutionizing construction, but ensuring consistent filament size remains a key challenge for both structural stability and surface quality. Existing solutions rely on specialized materials and manual adjustments, limiting scalability and adaptability. This article introduces an automated assistance system that compensates for material fluctuations in real time by leveraging artificial intelligence. The system detects variations in filament width and dynamically adjusts the robot nozzle’s velocity, significantly improving print quality and structural integrity. Extensive experiments conducted at 10 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula>C, 20 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula>C, and 30 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula>C validate its robustness, demonstrating a scalable approach for enhancing the reliability of 3-D concrete printing in diverse environmental conditions.