Metric analysis of the postcranial skeleton: a comprehensive approach for biological sex estimation in an Italian population

The validation of these models demonstrated that the proposed methodology allows for sex estimation with accuracies of over or near 90% and minimal class discrimination bias across all post-cranial skeletal regions. The highest accuracies - with both sectioning points and multivariable models - were the radius (96.8%), scapula (95.3%), and tibia (95.2%). This study introduces a comprehensive metric standard for the Italian population and highlights the accuracy of the metric approach for estimating biological sex.