Evolution of human physiology (Munafeul Aza) in post-Ibn Sina Unani medicine: A critical review of contributions by successive scholars

During and after the time of Ibn Sina (Avicenna), whose Canon of Medicine served as a basis for subsequent researchers, the Greco-Arab-based Unani medical system had a rapid expansion. However, Ibn Sina was not the last to advance Munafeul Aza (Human Physiology). Post-Avicennian physicians developed a multi-layered understanding of organ function and systemic physiology by combining observations, improving pulse diagnostics, and expanding notions of innate faculties. With an emphasis on organ-based functions, environmental physiology, pulse analysis, ideas of Quwa (faculties), and empirical methodologies that surprisingly agreed with many contemporary physiological principles, this article examines the important contributions made by important Unani thinkers after Ibn Sina. These advancements highlight the Unani system's complexity and flexibility in the face of new difficulties.