Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting high-risk pathology in clinical stage lA left upper lobe lung adenocarcinoma

The proposed nomogram integrates routinely available clinical, radiologic, and intraoperative variables to enable individualized preoperative risk assessment for high-risk pathology in stage IA LUL adenocarcinoma. This tool may assist surgeons in tailoring surgical approaches and identifying patients who may benefit from more extensive resection or adjuvant therapy. Prospective external validation is required to confirm generalizability.