Causes of emergence, mechanisms, rate of development, pathways of spread, and consequences of antibiotic resistance

The problem of antibiotic resistance is more relevant than ever. The crisis associated with the spread of resistance to antibiotics is approaching every day. New antibacterial drugs and methods that allow for effective combating of resistant microorganisms are not emerging, therefore posing a serious challenge to humanity, as the effectiveness of antibiotics directly impacts important areas of human life such as medicine and agriculture. Purpose. The article provides a systematic view of the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance. Materials and methods.To analyze the literature, materials from the PubMed and PubMed Central resources of the US National Library of Medicine, Google Scholar, Elsevier Clinical Key and Elsevier Science Direct. The sample consisted of scientific papers devoted to antibiotic resistance. Results.The article reveals the causes of emergence, mechanisms, rate of development, pathways of spread of antibiotic resistance and consequences of acquiring resistance for microorganisms and methods of containing antibiotic resistance.