Arabinogalactan Proteins Mark the Generative Cell–Vegetative Cell Interface in Monocotyledonous Pollen Grains

Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs: hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins) are ubiquitous in plants and play various functions in cases of development and reproduction. In <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> some AGPs can work as markers for gametophytic cell differentiation (among others embryological structures they mark generative cell wall and/or plasma membrane, and also sperm cells). However, apart from <i>Arabidopsis</i>, this labeling of generative cell and sperm cells in pollen grains has only been observed in a few flowering plant species belonging to dicotyledons. No such studies are available in monocotyledons. The main aim of our study was to see whether AGPs would be present at the generative cell-vegetative cell interface in different monocotyledons (representatives of Asparagaceae, Amarylidaceae and Liliaceae), and we also wanted to test whether they would be the same AGPs as in dicotyledons. For the study, we selected <i>Gagea lutea</i> (L.) Ker Gawl., <i>Ornithogalum nutans</i> L. and <i>Galanthus nivalis</i> L. species that differ in shape and size of generative cells. Antibodies against arabinogalactan proteins AGPs were used, including JIM8, JIM13, JIM14, MAC207, LM2, LM14, JIM15 and JIM4. The localization of the examined compounds was determined using immunohistochemistry techniques. The key finding was that AGPs (detected with JIM8 and JIM13 antibodies) consistently mark the boundary between the generative cell and the surrounding vegetative cytoplasm, suggesting their association with the generative cell-vegetative cell interface in all species studied. Identifying such molecular markers in male gametophyte may enhance the understanding of gametophytic cell fate, sperm cell identity and the molecular mechanisms underlying fertilization. Such labeling may also be useful in studies on pollen development, species comparisons, or responses to environmental stresses.