How Does Captivity Impact Psychological Behaviors On Large Carnivores, And To What Extent Can Environmental Enrichment Bring Reduction Of These Effects In Modern Zoos?

This study aims to critically evaluate enrichment strategies for large carnivores in captivity through a literature review. Common stereotypic behaviors indicating high stress level for large carnivores were identified: pacing and bar biting etc. High stress levels came from the small enclosures of the cage, lack of environmental complexity and stimulus, social isolation, and negative keeper attitudes¹ (Vaz et al., 2017; Birke et al., 2019; Yasmeen et al., 2022). Studies reviewed demonstrated that both naturalistic enclosures (covering enclosure with stones, trees, placing pools) and sensory enrichment (e.g, food or smell of prey) were factors for significant reduction in stereotypic behaviors. These factors reduced 12% of stereotypic behaviors for tigers² (Vaz et al., 2017) to 40% in lions³ (Khan, 2025). Other factors also contributing to reduction of stressful behavior that was studied include physical enrichment, which can be achieved through giving enough exercise to help the carnivores use the amount of energy they would use for hunting and moving in their natural habitat.⁴ (de Azevedo et al., 2023; Smith et al., 2022) These enrichment strategies help improve the welfare of large carnivores outside of their natural habitat. These strategies can be adapted in zoo management practices to foster healthier environments for captive carnivores and promote positive zoo culture.