Village SDGs and Environmental Resilience: Evaluating Sustainable Development in Underdeveloped Villages, Manokwari Regency, West Papua Province, Indonesia

Development inequality and ecosystem vulnerability remain major challenges in achieving sustainable development in underdeveloped villages, particularly in West Papua Province. This study aims to evaluate the contribution of the Village Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities), to the Environmental Resilience Index (ERI). The research was conducted in underdeveloped villages in Manokwari Regency using a case study approach and qualitative-comparative analysis based on 2023 Village SDGs data and the Village Development Index (VDI) status. Results indicate that villages classified as very underdeveloped (ERI 67.18 ± 2.25) and underdeveloped (65.56 ± 1.61) record similar resilience levels, although some very underdeveloped communities show unexpectedly high ERI scores, reflecting the influence of local socio-ecological assets. Food security (SDG 2) appears relatively strong in very underdeveloped villages due to reliance on traditional subsistence systems, while both categories face persistent deficits in water and sanitation (SDG 6). Inequality reduction (SDG 10) records the lowest performance overall. Regression analysis shows that SDG 2, SDG 6, and SDG 10 jointly exert a marginally significant influence on ERI (ANOVA, F = 2.830; p = 0.060, α = 0.10), explaining 26.1% of variation. Among them, SDG 10 has the strongest positive effect (β = 0.527, p = 0.012). These findings highlight the need for asset-based, cross-sectoral, and context-sensitive strategies to enhance resilience and reduce inequality in marginalized rural areas.