Sustainable Livelihoods through Small Ruminants: An Economic Study of Sheep and Goat Rearing in Karnataka

Livestock rearing constitutes an integral component of Karnataka's agrarian economy, providing sustainable income and nutritional security to millions of small and marginal farmers.Among different livestock species, sheep and goats often referred to as "walking banks" play a crucial role due to their low investment needs, high reproductive efficiency, and adaptability to diverse environments.This study undertakes an economic analysis of the sheep and goat population in Karnataka, focusing on demographic trends, economic viability, and their contribution to farmers' livelihoods.The analysis is based on secondary data drawn from the 20 th Livestock Census (2019), National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), and government reports, and employs descriptive statistics alongside financial indicators such as Net Income and Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR).The results reveal that both enterprises are highly profitable, though sheep rearing shows a relatively larger flock size and greater aggregate economic output, driven by the demand for wool and meat.Conversely, goat rearing demonstrates higher profit margins per animal, owing to lower maintenance costs and premium prices for chevon.The study concludes that both sub-sectors are economically resilient and recommends targeted policy interventions such as breed improvement, development of organized market infrastructure, and strengthened veterinary services to further enhance rural household incomes.