Extremely Fast-Charging Batteries: Principle, Strategies, Detection, and Prediction

Extremely fast-charging (XFC) of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is critical for eliminating "charging anxiety" and accelerating the adoption of electric transportation, including electric vehicles and electric aircraft. However, two obstacles to achieving XFC in commercial LIBs are slow electrochemical kinetics and failure uncertainty, which lead to challenges such as limited capacity, rapid energy loss, and severe safety concerns under high-power charging. Therefore, a comprehensive overview of current research on XFC LIBs is essential to guide academia and industry in advancing XFC technology. This review examines the complex challenges, improvement strategies, issue detection, and advanced prediction methods related to XFC lithium-ion batteries. First, we analyze the physicochemical conflicts and key limitations affecting fast charging. Next, we discuss multiscale modulation strategies to enhance ion and electron transport. We also outline current detection and characterization techniques for diagnosing XFC failure mechanisms. To clarify safety boundaries, we explore multidimensional prediction methods for proactive risk identification. Finally, we highlight future research directions essential for further advancements in XFC technology.