Advanced nano-delivery systems in <i>H. pylori</i> eradication: targeting, efficacy, and clinical translation

Key innovations include: Lipid-based systems enabling synergistic co-delivery of hesperidin (0.064 μg mL⁻¹) and clarithromycin (0.15 mg mL⁻¹) for enhanced drug bioavailability; Polymeric NPs (e.g. rhamnolipid-chitosan hybrids) achieving deep biofilm penetration ( > 99% eradication) within gastric mucus at minimal inhibitory concentrations (32-132 µg/mL). These nanoplatforms demonstrate precision gastric-mucosa targeting, improved penetration of biological barriers, and controlled antimicrobial release. By maximizing localized drug delivery while minimizing systemic exposure, NP-based systems address critical limitations of current therapies, including resistance and microbiota disruption. We further emphasize the need for clinical validation to translate these delivery technologies into standardized treatments, ultimately reducing the global burden of <i>H. pylori</i>-associated diseases.