The Evolution of Supply Chain Management in India: Innovation and Challenges

This research paper explores the evolution of supply chain management (SCM) in India, tracing its historical development, contemporary innovations, and persistent challenges. From the era of fragmented logistics systems and traditional distribution models to the integration of technology-driven, customer-centric practices, SCM in India has undergone a transformative journey. Liberalization in the 1990s, implementation of Goods and Services Tax (GST), and the rise of e-commerce have accelerated changes, fostering efficiency, transparency, and global competitiveness. Innovations such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, Internet of Things (IoT), and digital logistics platforms are reshaping SCM strategies. However, the sector continues to grapple with infrastructure constraints, policy bottlenecks, and environmental sustainability concerns. Based on secondary literature and industry case studies, this study highlights the dual forces of innovation and challenges shaping Indian supply chains. The findings emphasize that while technological adoption and regulatory reforms have strengthened SCM, a holistic approach addressing inclusivity, sustainability, and resilience is essential for long-term growth. The paper concludes with recommendations for leveraging digital transformation, strengthening public-private partnerships, and fostering sustainable practices to make Indian supply chains globally competitive.