Ecological Patterns of Flamingo Distribution and Abundance in High-Andean Wetlands of Peru

This study analyses the distribution and abundance of flamingos (Phoenicopteriformes: Phoenicopteridae) in wetlands in the highlands of Southern Peru, located between 3,800 and 4,600 m a.s.l. Despite the ecological importance of these wetlands as key habitats for foraging and reproduction, there is limited scientific information regarding flamingo presence and their relationship with salinity and environmental variables in these ecosystems. The objective of the study was to evaluate the spatial distribution and abundance of flamingo species in 13 high-altitude wetlands, sampled between August and October 2021 and October and November 2024. Both adults and juveniles of Phoenicopterus chilensis, Phoenicoparrus andinus and Phoenicoparrus jamesi were recorded, alongside physicochemical and climatic variables. We found that the Loriscota Wetland harboured the highest abundance with 21,000 individuals and was one of the few sites where all three species co-occurred. Phoenicopterus chilensis was the most dominant species. A positive correlation was identified between the Phoenicopterus chilensis and Phoenicoparrus andinus abundance and water pH, maximum ambient temperature and relative humidity, while the distribution of Phoenicoparrus jamesi showed an association with salinity and electrical conductivity. This study provides the first detailed assessment of flamingo population structure in relation to physicochemical gradients in Peruvian high-Andean wetlands, contributing novel insights into their ecological preferences and highlighting critical areas for conservation planning.