Developing a sustainable duck farming business model in peri-urban areas of Jakarta, Indonesia

Peri-urbanization in Jakarta has created both significant challenges and opportunities for agricultural development, particularly for layer duck farming. This study aims to develop a sustainable agribusiness model for layer duck farming in peri-urban Jakarta by assessing its current state, economic viability, and strategic development. A mixed-methods approach was employed, comprising interviews with farmers and key informants, focus group discussions, and on-site observations, along with descriptive, economic, and SWOT analyses. The findings reveal that duck farming serves as the primary source of income for households, contributing 78.37% of total earnings. The average annual profit reached IDR 57,164,374 per farmer, with a return-to-capital (R/C) ratio of 1.43. Medium-scale farms (500–1000 ducks) achieve the highest cost efficiency and profitability, with a revenue-to-cost (R/C) ratio of 1.81, significantly outperforming small-scale (1.33) and large-scale (1.30) operations. Key constraints included land limitations, fluctuating feed supply, and suboptimal productivity (56.99% hen-day production). The SWOT analysis informs the development of the Core-Plasma Partnership Model, which, supported by a Quadruple Helix framework, enhances collaboration among farmers, businesses, government, and academia. Implementing this model is expected to improve profitability, strengthen farmer organizations, and enhance food security while promoting environmentally sustainable practices.