A Review of Linux System Hardening Techniques for Enterprise Security and Compliance

Linux operating systems are widely deployed in enterprise infrastructures due to their stability, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. However, their broad adoption also makes them attractive targets for adversaries, requiring strong system hardening practices. This paper reviews key Linux hardening strategies, frameworks, and tools, highlighting their role in strengthening enterprise security and achieving compliance with standards. It examines security baselines such as CIS Benchmarks, DISA STIGs, and ISO/IEC 27001 Annex A, and discusses practical techniques including SSH hardening, firewall configuration, kernel parameter tuning, file integrity monitoring (AIDE/Tripwire), and centralized logging. A comparative analysis of four popular Linux distributions-Oracle Linux, RHEL, SUSE, and Ubuntu-illustrates how security implementations vary across platforms. The review also identifies challenges organizations face, such as balancing usability and security or maintaining consistent baselines. Finally, future trends such as automation, AI-driven compliance monitoring, and Zero Trust adoption are discussed, offering insights into the evolving landscape of Linux system security.