Buildability momentum across project stages: empirical insights from RIBA plan of work towards sustainable construction

Buildability deals with the optimal integration of construction knowledge at various project stages to achieve the overall project objectives. Incorporation of buildability improves the construction project performance in terms of its cost, quality, productivity, safety, and results in early completion. This study investigates how buildability considerations manifest throughout the RIBA Plan of Work stages, from Strategic Definition-Stage to In Use-Stage7. Using a qualitative methodology, this research draws on semi-structured interviews with a cross-section of industry stakeholders, including designers, contractors, project managers, consultants, and specialists, to uncover how knowledge, stakeholder input, and decision-making practices influence buildability at each stage. Thematic analysis embedded in phenomenological research philosophy was adopted as the data analysis method. The findings show that buildability is often underdeveloped in early design due to limited contractor involvement but becomes more prominent in Spatial Coordination and Technical Design stages through logistics, sequencing, and specialist input. Handover and Use Stages underscore the overlooked importance of commissioning, handover, and facilities management for ensuring project continuity and usability. The study introduces the Buildability Momentum Curve, a visual framework mapping the rising and falling influence of buildability insights across all RIBA stages. This curve underscores the importance of early integration and sustained knowledge flow to mitigate fragmentation and performance inefficiencies. The findings have practical implications for procurement strategies, project governance, and knowledge management systems. By conceptualising buildability as a dynamic and evolving construct, the paper advocates for a more integrated and anticipatory approach to design and delivery that spans the entirety of the project lifecycle.