Joint modeling of line and point data on metric graphs

Metric graphs are useful tools for describing spatial domains like road and river networks, where spatial dependence act along the network. We take advantage of recent developments for such Gaussian Random Fields (GRFs), and consider joint spatial modeling of observations with different spatial supports. Motivated by an application to traffic state modeling in Trondheim, Norway, we consider line-referenced data, which can be described by an integral of the GRF along a line segment on the metric graph, and point-referenced data. Through a simulation study inspired by the application, we investigate the number of replicates that are needed to estimate parameters and to predict unobserved locations. The former is assessed using bias and variability, and the latter is assessed through root mean square error (RMSE), continuous rank probability scores (CRPSs), and coverage. Joint modeling is contrasted with a simplified approach that treat line-referenced observations as point-referenced observations. The results suggest joint modeling leads to strong improvements. The application to Trondheim, Norway, combines point-referenced induction loop data and line-referenced public transportation data. To ensure positive speeds, we use a non-linear link function, which requires integrals of non-linear combinations of the linear predictor. This is made computationally feasible by a combination of the R packages inlabru and MetricGraph , and new code for processing geographical line data to work with existing graph representations and fmesher methods for dealing with line support in inlabru on objects from MetricGraph . We fit the model to two datasets where we expect different spatial dependency and compare the results.