Systematic review of cloud computing adoption in the public sector: Insights from the TOE framework and DOI theory

Cloud computing is increasingly recognized as a transformative technology capable of modernizing public sector operations. While the private sector has adopted cloud solutions rapidly, public institutions continue to encounter significant barriers, including regulatory compliance, data security concerns, and organizational resistance. This study adopts the PRISMA framework to conduct a systematic review of literature published between 2019 and 2024 on the factors influencing cloud computing adoption in the public sector. The analysis is guided by the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework and Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory. Findings indicate that adoption is shaped by several factors, notably top management support, compliance with legal and regulatory standards, perceived relative advantage cost savings and scalability. However, persistent challenges such as legacy system integration, data protection risks, and resistance to technological change continue to inhibit adoption. An emerging trend identified in the literature is the integration of TOE and DOI frameworks with other theoretical models such as the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) and Institutional Theory. These hybrid models offer a more comprehensive perspective on adoption dynamics and reflect a growing interest in multi-theory approaches. This review contributes to the body of knowledge on public sector technology adoption by synthesizing current research and highlighting key enablers and barriers. The findings offer practical insights for policymakers, IT professionals, and researchers seeking to design effective cloud adoption strategies. The study underscores the importance of continued research into hybrid theoretical models and the development of targeted initiatives to foster cloud integration in the public domain. Future research should consider a longitudinal research that tracks adoption over time, as well as comparative studies across different national or regional public sectors to understand how contextual differences influence adoption dynamics.