Spatial Organization Patterns and Their Impact on Evacuation Efficiency: Evidence from Primary School Teaching Buildings

Primary school teaching buildings represent a typical category of densely populated public architecture, where the safe evacuation of occupants is essential to ensuring their safety. The spatial organizational structure plays a pivotal role in determining overall evacuation efficiency. However, systematic research linking spatial organization with evacuation performance remains limited. This study addresses this gap by analyzing 102 real-world cases of primary school teaching buildings, identifying common spatial organizational patterns, and developing a spatial structural framework based on fundamental units and their organizational relationships. A hybrid methodology integrating weighted network analysis and evacuation simulation is employed to quantitatively evaluate the relationship between spatial organization types and evacuation performance, ultimately proposing three design principles—Integrity, Balance, and Stability—to guide evacuation efficiency optimization. The findings provide a methodological reference for evacuation research in public buildings and offer practical design guidance for optimizing primary school facility layouts.