Optimization of Process Parameters for Sustainable Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag Reinforced Glass Fiber–Epoxy Composites for X‐Ray Shielding

ABSTRACT Recycling metallurgical waste is essential for minimizing environmental impact and reducing industrial waste accumulation while conserving natural resources. Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) steel slag, a major byproduct of steel production, offers significant potential for reuse in composite materials intended for various applications. In this study, we explored the potential of EAF steel slag as a sustainable reinforcement material for epoxy‐based composites by integrating it with woven glass fibers in an epoxy matrix, contributing to the recycling of industrial waste and advancing the circular economy. The optimization of hot pressing conditions led to a maximum tensile strength of 263.74 MPa at 5 wt.% slag and a maximum flexural strength of 358.12 MPa at 10 wt.% slag, achieved under a hot pressing temperature of 50°C and a load of 50 kN. Thermal analysis showed that slag particle addition reduced heat flow but increased thermal decomposition. Moreover, the introduction of 30 wt.% EAF slag particles significantly improved X‐ray attenuation efficiency, achieving a maximum attenuation of 39.27% (150 kV) and 31.05% (250 kV), with Half‐Value Layer values of 1.39 cm at 150 kV and 1.86 cm at 250 kV. Using EAF slag for X‐ray shielding offers a sustainable approach to waste recycling and supports environmental sustainability goals.