RAD@home discovery of extragalactic radio rings and odd radio circles: clues to their origins

ABSTRACT We present three rare and striking extragalactic radio sources discovered through visual inspection of low-frequency continuum maps from LoTSS DR2 and TGSS by the RAD@home citizen-science collaboratory. The first, RAD J131346.9+500320, is the first clear Odd Radio Circle (ORC) identified in LoTSS. At $z_{\rm phot}\simeq 0.94$, it hosts a pair of intersecting rings of $\sim$300 kpc diameter, embedded in diffuse emission extending over $\sim$800 kpc, making it both the most distant and most powerful ORC reported to date. Its steep spectrum ($\alpha _{54}^{144}=1.22\pm 0.15$) points to a relic synchrotron origin. The second object, RAD J122622.6$+$640622, is a $\sim$865 kpc giant radio galaxy whose southern jet is abruptly deflected, inflating a 100 kpc limb-brightened ring, while the northern jet terminates in a compact hotspot-like feature. The third, RAD J142004.0+621715 (440 kpc), shows a comparable ring at the end of its northern filamentary jet, along with a secondary filament parallel to its southern jet. All three systems lie in $\sim 10^{14}\,\mathrm{ M}_\odot$ clusters or group-scale haloes, suggesting that environmental density gradients and possible jet–galaxy interactions play a central role in shaping these ring morphologies. These discoveries expand the zoo of extragalactic radio morphologies, highlight the diversity of pathways that can generate ring-like synchrotron structures, and demonstrate the continuing importance of human pattern recognition in identifying rare sources that escape current automated pipelines.