Central–local relations in early People’s Republic of China’s agricultural procurement reform: The case of the ‘Three-Fix’ policy in Funan County

Abstract This paper examines Funan County’s ‘Three-Fix’ policy as a significant case of China’s agricultural procurement reforms. Utilising extensive archival materials and data, it focuses on the interactions between central and local governments in shaping rural governance and agricultural policy. The study evaluates the policy’s effectiveness in stabilising grain procurement and fostering cooperative relationships between the state and farmers, while also identifying its limitations, such as uneven implementation, local resistance, and inconsistent enforcement. By analysing the policy’s impact on farmers’ production behaviours, social psychology, and local governance, the research uncovers the intricate political economy underlying early reforms in the People’s Republic of China. The findings highlight the necessity of balancing central and local flexibility in policy design and implementation and offer valuable lessons for contemporary rural governance and development.