Economic and Financial Dimensions of Floriculture in Northeast India: Growth, Structure, and Viability

Northeast India’s floriculture sector exhibits uneven growth across states, signaling the need for a deeper examination of its development trajectory. This study analyzes inter-state production trends, market structure, and the financial viability of major floricultural crops in the North Eastern Region (NER) of India. Using panel data from 2011–12 to 2024–25 and indicators such as the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) and the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), the research highlights the growth trend and the balance between cut- and loose-flower production. A qualitative review of secondary sources further explores the financial viability of key flowers, marigold, rose, orchid, anthurium, and gerbera. The results reveal stark disparities: Assam has emerged as the leading state with sustained expansion in both cut and loose flowers, whereas Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, and Sikkim have experienced stagnation or decline. A regional shift from loose to cut-flower dominance is evident, driven by targeted initiatives but raising concerns about over-specialization. Economic analyses indicate strong profitability potential, with marigold cultivation in particular capable of generating substantial returns when supported by adequate investment and infrastructure. These findings fill an empirical gap and underscore the need for tailored policies to foster balanced, sustainable floriculture growth across all Northeastern states.