Major phytoconstituents of temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) in hepatoprotective activity

C. xanthorrhiza , commonly known as Javanese turmeric or temulawak in Indonesia, belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. C. xanthorrhiza is widely used to treat various health problems, including loss of appetite, gastrointestinal disorders, constipation, diarrhea, fever, arthritis, and liver dysfunction. In Indonesia, C. xanthorrhiza is widely recognized and traditionally used for liver disease treatment, although its hepatoprotective mechanisms were not scientifically validated in traditional practice. Current research has identified xanthorrhizol and curcuminoids (including curcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin) as the primary active compounds in C. xanthorrhiza , which exert hepatoprotective effects through various studied mechanisms.