Advances in the Causality, Diagnosis and Management of Erectile Dysfunction

Penile erection demonstrates how psychological influences and hormonal balance modulate microcirculation. It results from a highly coordinated neurovascular process involving the integration and synchronisation of vascular endothelium, smooth muscle, and psychological, neurological, and endocrine systems. Therefore, the proper functioning of these processes is essential for maintaining penile flaccidity or achieving an erection, whereas disturbances in any component can result in erectile dysfunction (ED). ED is a common health condition with a substantial impact on mens quality of life worldwide. Currently, this disease is considered a multifactorial condition involving a complex interplay of social, psychological, and physiological factors, necessitating the adoption of multiple treatment strategies. This paper offers an overview of the mechanisms of erections, etiological factors contributing to EDincluding psychological, neurological, endocrinological, and vasculogenic aspectsdiagnostic approaches and treatments.