Ocular Inflammation and Uveitis: Insights into Immunology and Therapeutics

Ocular inflammation, particularly uveitis, represents a significant global cause of visual impairment and blindness, affecting individuals across different age groups and geographical regions. This work provides a comprehensive overview of the immunological basis of ocular inflammation, with emphasis on cytokines, chemokines, and cellular infiltration processes that contribute to the pathophysiology of uveitis. The study reviews the epidemiology, classification, and clinical manifestations of uveitis, highlighting the impact of infectious and non-infectious etiologies. Special attention is given to the molecular pathways involved in ocular immunity, as well as to the advances in immunomodulatory and biological therapies, such as monoclonal antibodies and emerging nanomedicine-based strategies. The discussion also addresses the challenges of treatment adherence, adverse effects of conventional therapies, and the need for personalized medicine. Future perspectives point to the integration of gene therapy and artificial intelligence as promising tools to optimize diagnosis, management, and prognosis of ocular inflammatory diseases. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of ocular immunopathology and pave the way for safer and more effective therapeutic strategies.