Mental Health Benefits of Blue Spaces Exposure: Results from a Moderated Mediation Analysis Using the <scp>AUBS</scp> Survey

Abstract Urban blue spaces are increasingly recognised as important determinants of mental health. This empirical study investigates the mental health benefits of blue space exposure in Shkodra, Albania. Data from 534 respondents were collected through the Albanian Urban Blue Spaces (AUBS) Survey. A moderated mediation analysis was conducted to test whether physical activity and sleep quality mediate the relationship between blue space exposure and psychological distress and whether life satisfaction, lifestyle habits and demographic factors moderate these pathways. Results indicate that blue space exposure directly improves mental health, while physical activity and sleep quality do not serve as mediators. The relationship was significantly moderated by life satisfaction, lifestyle habits and education. Better health outcomes occurred when individuals reported approximately 110 min of blue space exposure, combined with healthier lifestyle behaviours and higher education levels. The findings highlight the role of blue spaces in urban planning and public health policy.