Integrating the plant–duck bioindustry, climate adaptation, and circular economy toward sustainable freshwater swamp farming in Indonesia

Freshwater swamplands have significant potential as a food source; however, farming in these areas often suffers from limited technology, leading to suboptimal outcomes. This study aims to learn and enhance the local farming of the crop-duck bioindustry in freshwater swamplands, integrating adaptation to rainfall variability and promoting a circular economy, by implementing some technologies. This implementation is expected to improve agricultural production and farmer income. The study was conducted with 97 farming households from three farming groups and one group of female farmers across 75 hectares, involving approximately 1,000 ducks. The results revealed a shift in the planting schedule to adapt to rainfall changes, resulting in a longer growing season and increasing yields of duck egg production (14.69%), rice (350 kg/ha or 5.85%), and eggplant (11,945 kg/ha or 76.57%). The duration of duck maintenance ranged from 12-21 months, and the overall income increased by 26.1% for duck farming, 9.3% for rice, and 221.5% for eggplant. This study recommends continuing the integrated bioindustry model, which benefits farmers and supports sustainable agriculture.