Operando Confocal X‐Ray Fluorescence Imaging of Conductive Polymers Applied Operating Voltages

ABSTRACT We investigated the elemental distribution in the conductive polymers during electrical energization using a vacuum‐type confocal small‐area X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer. Conductive polymers offer alternatives to inorganic conductors; however, understanding their behavior under electrical stress is crucial. This study employed depth profiling, 2D mapping, and line element analyses to examine the elemental movement within polymer matrixes and substrates. Experiments involved energizing conductive polymers on glass slides at 4 V for 4 h. Elemental analyses revealed significant changes in the elemental distribution, particularly in sulfur and calcium concentrations. Depth analyses showed an increased sulfur concentration, suggesting the movement or transformation of sulfur components. 2D mapping indicated increased calcium presence, likely from the glass substrate, suggesting migration owing to electrical current. A line analysis confirmed these dynamic changes, highlighting the potential mobility of sulfur groups and calcium ions. These findings provide insights into the elemental dynamics of conductive polymers under electrical field conditions, which are essential for understanding their stability and performance. This study contributes to the optimization of conductive polymer designs for reliable electronic devices.