Beyond blue light: A dual-pathway theory of cell phone use and sleep disruption

This article advances a novel theoretical framework for understanding how cell phone use (CPU) disrupts sleep, integrating behavioral and psychological mechanisms into a cohesive dual-pathway model. Moving beyond simplistic explanations that emphasize blue light exposure or screen time duration, the framework distinguishes between CPU before bed—a temporal construct capturing the displacement of sleep routines—and CPU arousal—a psychophysiological construct reflecting cognitive and emotional stimulation. Drawing on Sleep Displacement Theory, Psychological Arousal Theory, Information Processing Theory, and Cognitive Neurology, the model elucidates how smartphones alter both the structure of nighttime behavior and the neurological preconditions for rest. The article further explores the cultural, ethical, and phenomenological dimensions of sleep disruption, framing it as a socio-technological condition shaped by algorithmic attention economies and evolving digital norms. By proposing the concept of digital nocturnalism, it repositions sleep as a contested cultural practice rather than merely a biological imperative. This interdisciplinary synthesis not only bridges gaps in the current literature but also sets the stage for future research in psychology, media studies, and the humanities. The framework holds practical implications for clinical intervention, educational policy, and digital technology design, offering a comprehensive lens to navigate the complexities of sleep in the digital age.