Wearable Devices in Electrogenetics: Bridging Real-Time Monitoring and Genetic Modulation

Introduction: Wearable technologies are revolutionizing personalized medicine by integrating biosensing and therapeutic capabilities into compact, user-friendly formats. Electrogenetics, a novel discipline that employs electrical stimuli to regulate gene expression, offers promising applications for dynamic disease management. This review explores the intersection of wearable devices and electrogenetics, focusing on their potential to enable real-time monitoring and precise genetic modulation in clinical and research settings. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and IEEE Xplore using keywords like "wearable bioelectronics," "electrogenetics," "gene modulation," and "real-time biosensors." Studies from 2015 to 2025 were screened, emphasizing devices capable of both sensing and electrical stimulation for genetic control. Design principles, materials, power systems, and biocompatibility were critically reviewed. Results: Recent advances demonstrate the development of wearable platforms integrating flexible electrodes, wireless communication, and biosensors with synthetic gene circuits. These systems detect physiological cues (e.g., pH, glucose, inflammation) and respond by triggering gene expression via localized electrical pulses. For instance, closed-loop systems for glucose regulation in diabetes or inflammation-responsive gene switches in wound healing have shown promising preclinical outcomes. Discussion: Wearable electrogenetic devices offer a paradigm shift toward autonomous, precision-based therapeutic interventions. However, challenges remain in ensuring longterm stability, minimizing immune responses, and integrating complex genetic circuits with miniaturized hardware. Ethical and regulatory considerations also require careful navigation. Conclusion: The convergence of wearable electronics and electrogenetics holds transformative potential for personalized therapy. Continued interdisciplinary research is essential to translate these innovations from bench to bedside, enabling real-time, responsive, and genetically targeted healthcare solutions.