Umbilical Aesthetics in Kenya: A Survey of Shape, Position, and Gender Preferences

Kenyan preferences lean toward the classic golden ratio in certain shapes, but not universally. Distorted navels garnered significant support at the local 1.69 ratio, underscoring that patient desires do not strictly align with a single numeric standard. This preference-based study complements morphometric data from a companion article, highlighting the interplay between objective norms and subjective ideals in Kenyan abdominal aesthetics.