Individual and area-level factors associated with depression in Indonesia: a multilevel analysis using the 2018 national basic health research
Individual-level factors are associated with depression among adults in Indonesia. Among the district level factors, only happiness index is related to depression. These results strengthen previous studies which stated determinants at the individual level are an important factor in depression. Therefore, effective prevention programs in mental health need to target both individuals and families.
Authors
- Dwidjo Susilo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3955-0005)
- Herni Susanti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6033-741X)
- Hasbullah Thabrany (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6711-2547)
- Helen Louise Brooks (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2157-0200)
- Matt Sutton (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6635-2127)
- Jack Dale Wilkinson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3513-4677)
- Laura Anselmi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2499-7656)
- Jon Gibson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4177-8049)
- Asri Maharani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5931-8692)
- Penny Bee (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5600-0400)
- Aryana Satrya (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2745-4849)
- Sri Idaiani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9010-9103)
- Budi Anna Keliat (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1103-5404)
- Irmansyah
- Muhammad Fajri
- Muhammad Fiarry Fikaris
- Gemala Chairunnisa
- Ida Ayu Mas Amelia Kusumaningtyas
Institutions
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Universitas Gadjah Mada (ID)
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (GB)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- University of Indonesia (ID)
- Public Health Agency (GB)
- National Emergency Management Agency (KR)
Publication Details
- Journal
- BMC Public Health
- Published
- 2025-10-02
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-23434-4
- Citations
- 1
- Primary Topic
- Health disparities and outcomes
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 2.17
Funders
- Government of the United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research